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The internet was originally developed for text and transfers of small files, and the data transfer rate was very low.  Even as the Web got under way, speeds were only 2400 bits per second.  The limit of human hearing is around 18,000 cycles per second.  There was obviously need for technical improvement, even given that the digital signals were going down audio phone lines (these respond up to frequencies up to about 5,000 cycles per second.  By 1995, as America Online was really starting to get going, telephone modem speeds had only reached 9600 bits per second.  Even with their ruthless compression of graphics files, AOL's pages took some time to arrive.  From this time, though, the importance of the Web grew as dial-up modem speeds increased to a nominal 56 000 (56K) bits per second through intermediate maxima of 14.4K and 28.8K, each of which was greeted at introduction with gasps of amazement. 

The present maximum over voice telephone lines will remain.  (Despite the claims of the hardware manufacturers, 56K has always been just above the theoretical maximum.  No-one really connects at 56K through a voice telephone line.)  Note the possible confusion between bits and bytes.  Modem speeds are always quoted in bits per second, but we're more interested in the computer word, or byte, that lands in our computer.  In a general computer, a byte is precisely eight bits, although for audio and video formats it can be as high as 24 bits.

Broadband internet changed all this. Served through a cable TV connection, or as a piggy-back on a conventional phone line (ADSL), download of a megabit every few seconds is commonplace (although upload is slower). Around a half of US households now enjoy broadband Web access. This makes page access almost instantaneous, and enables live audio and video feeds.

In ascending order of bandwidth needs, the Web can carry text, graphics, sound and moving graphics (aka video).  As bandwidth of our communications connection increases, we will see media and communications forms converge (a badly overused word) further.  In practice the systems in place limit progress because they satisfy people's needs now, and a tremendous inertia has to be overcome to improve things.  The advantages of interactive control over our home media requirements deserve a long essay, but will become increasingly obvious as creators and consumers develop new forms together.  For now, we will talk only about the practical present.

Back: Domains And E mail Contents Next: Modems

The Big Help Desk
in suggested reading order (links are provided between pages)
all photos by Jonnie Miles

Introduction The World Wide Web
The Very Basics Browsers
Hardware Central Domains, Addresses and E Mail
Monitors Media On The Web
Hardware Peripherals Modems and Routers
Chips, Computers and Operating Systems Audio On The Web
Applications, Folders, Files and Aliases America Online
Downloading and Compression
Plugins RealAudio/Media
Networks mp3
The Inter(net)work  

Other useful pages:
How to play music
Music playback options at the Stereo Society
Audio quality
Mono compatibility
MP3 Software Player Review (2001)
Surround Sound: An Introduction