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The
internet was originally developed for text and transfers of small files,
and the data transfer rate was very low. Even as the Web got under
way, speeds were only 2400 bits per second. The limit of human hearing
is around 18,000 cycles per second. There was obviously need for technical
improvement, even given that the digital signals were going down audio phone
lines (these respond up to frequencies up to about 5,000 cycles per second.
By 1995, as America Online was really starting to get going, telephone modem
speeds had only reached 9600 bits per second. Even with their ruthless
compression of graphics files, AOL's pages took some time to arrive. From
this time, though, the importance of the Web grew as dial-up modem speeds
increased to a nominal 56 000 (56K) bits per second through intermediate
maxima of 14.4K and 28.8K, each of which was greeted at introduction with
gasps of amazement.
The
present maximum over voice telephone lines will remain. (Despite
the claims of the hardware manufacturers, 56K has always been just
above the theoretical maximum.
No-one really connects at 56K through a voice telephone line.) Note
the possible confusion between bits and bytes. Modem speeds are
always quoted in bits per second, but we're more interested in the
computer word, or byte, that lands in our computer. In a general
computer, a byte is precisely eight bits, although for audio and video
formats it can be as high as 24 bits.
Broadband
internet changed all this. Served through a cable TV connection, or
as a piggy-back on a conventional phone line (ADSL), download of
a megabit every few seconds is commonplace (although upload is slower).
Around a half of US households now enjoy broadband Web access. This
makes page access almost instantaneous, and enables live audio and
video feeds.
In
ascending order of bandwidth needs, the Web can carry text, graphics,
sound and moving graphics (aka video). As bandwidth of our communications connection
increases, we will see media and communications forms converge
(a badly overused word) further. In practice the systems in place
limit progress because they satisfy people's needs now, and a tremendous
inertia has to be overcome to improve things. The advantages
of interactive control over our home media requirements deserve a
long essay, but will become increasingly obvious as creators and consumers
develop new forms together. For now, we will talk only about
the practical present.
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